Outline. Science, history of. By Paul Nervy.





Copyright 2006, Paul Nervy



















Subject Category Year (When) Place (Where) Person(s) (Who) Thing, Event, Idea, Word, or Work (What) Description (Why, How, etc.)














Science Philosophy of science

Kitcher, Philip

Science Philosophy of science

Herschel

Science Philosophy of science

Salmon, Wesley

Science Philosophy of science

Toulmin, Stephen

Science Philosophy of science

Popper, Karl

Science Philosophy of science

Whewell

Science Philosophy of science

Kuhn, Thomas

Science Philosophy of science

Feyerabend, Paul

Science Philosophy of science

Lakatos, Irme

Science, astronomy
c. -15000000000

15 billion years ago. Birth of universe.
Science, astronomy
c. -4500000000

4.6 billion years ago. Birth of earth.
Science, astronomy
c. 150
Ptolemy Almagest star almanac cataloged 1000 stars and 48 constellations. Theory of sun revolving around earth.
Science, astronomy
c. 1550 Italy Copernicus Sun centered solar system theory.
Science, astronomy
c. 1575
Brahe, Tycho. Early work on orbits of planets
Science, astronomy
c. 1600
Kepler. Planets have eliptical orbits.
Science, astronomy
c. 1610 Italy Galileo Earth revolves around the sun. Proves Copernicus.
Science, astronomy
c. 1700 England Newton, Issac Explained gravity. Wrote "Principia Mathamatica".
Science, astronomy
c. 1700's France Messier, Charles Discovers many comets and deep sky objects.
Science, astronomy
c. 1780's Germany Herschel, William Discovers Uranus.
Science, astronomy
c. 1840's Germany Galle, Johan Discovers Neptune.
Science, astronomy
c. 1905 to 1915 Germany Einstein, Albert Special theory of relativity (STR). General theory of relativity (GTR).
Science, astronomy
c. 1930's United States Tombaugh, Clyde Discovers Pluto.
Science, astronomy
c. 1930's England Hubble, Edward Expanding universe. Galaxies are masses of stars.
Science, astronomy
c. 1930's
Chandrasekhar Astrophysics. Star formation.
Science, astronomy
c. 1950's United States Gamow, George Big bang theory
Science, astronomy
c. 1958 Russia
Sputnik satellite.
Science, astronomy
c. 1960's

Quasars are discovered in 1960's
Science, astronomy
c. 1960's United States
Mercury program
Science, astronomy
c. 1961 Russia Gagarin, Yuri First orbit of Earth by a human.
Science, astronomy
c. 1962 United States
Telstar is the first communication satellite.
Science, astronomy
c. 1964 United States Penzias and Wilson Discover cosmic background radiation.
Science, astronomy
c. 1969 United States
First humans walk on the moon.
Science, astronomy
c. 1970's Russia
Soyuz program
Science, astronomy
c. 1970's
Rees, Martin British astronomer. Worked with Hawkings.
Science, astronomy
c. 1970's United States Thorne, Kip Time travel
Science, astronomy
c. 1970's United States
Apollo program
Science, astronomy
c. 1970's United States Guth, Alan Inflationary theory of universe in moments after big bang. Man made universes
Science, astronomy
c. 1976 United States
Voyager probes.
Science, astronomy
c. 1976 United States
Viking 1 and 2 space probes.
Science, astronomy
c. 1980's United States Sagan, Carl Popularizes astronomy with "Cosmos" book and television show.
Science, astronomy
c. 1980's United States Smolin, Lee Multiverses
Science, astronomy
c. 1980's - 90's United States Kakku, Michio String theory
Science, astronomy
c. 1980's - 90's United States Green, Brian String theory
Science, astronomy
c. 1981 United States
Space shuttle first mission. Eventually space shuttles Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis and Endeavor.
Science, astronomy
c. 1986 United States
Space shuttle Challenger explodes.
Science, astronomy
c. 1990's

Hubble Space Telescope.
Science, astronomy
c. 1990's

Evidence for black holes. Black holes common. Almost every galaxy has a black hole.
Science, astronomy
c. 1992

COBE.
Science, astronomy
c. 1994

Shoemaker-Levy comet hits Jupiter.
Science, astronomy
c. 1995

Hubble Deep Field photo of galaxies.
Science, astronomy
c. 1995

First planets found outside our solar system.
Science, astronomy
c. 2000

ISS. International Space Station.
Science, astronomy
c. 2000 United States
Pathfinder missions to Mars
Science, astronomy
c. 2003 United States
Space shuttle crashes.
Science, astronomy
c. 2003

WMAP
Science, astronomy
c. 2005 United States
Comet hit with space probe.
Science, astronomy



Refracting telescope.
Science, astronomy



Gamma ray telescope
Science, astronomy

Germany Herschel, John

Science, astronomy

Germany Herschel, Caroline

Science, astronomy


Kuiper
Discoverd the Kuiper belt, source of asteroids.
Science, astronomy


Oort, J
Discovered the Oort cloud, source of comets.
Science, astronomy



Xray telescope
Science, astronomy



Radio telescope
Science, astronomy



Reflecting telescope
Science, astronomy


Hale, G.E.

Science, astronomy

England Hawking, Stephen Black holes.
Science, astronomy


Eddington, A.S.

Science, astronomy



Infra-red telescope
Science, biology History of life c. -50000

50,000. The ice ages.
Science, biology History of life c. -50000

50,000. Homo Sapiens populate the Far East and the Americas.
Science, biology History of life c. -75000000

First precursors to modern primates like lemurs and tarsiers.
Science, biology History of life


Extinction of dinosaurs. 60 million. Dinosaurs extinct due to meteorite in gulf of Mexico. Start of rise of mammals.
Science, biology History of life


First land plants.
Science, biology History of life


First birds
Science, biology History of life


Later dinosaurs
Science, biology History of life


First fish
Science, biology History of life


Multi cell life
Science, biology History of life


First life on earth. 3 billion years ago.
Science, biology History of life


Start of dinosaur age, perhaps due to a meteorite changing the climate
Science, biology History of life


First precursors to modern higher apes like chimps, gorillas, orangutans.
Science, biology History of life


First mammals
Science, biology History of life


First reptiles
Science, biology History of life


Dinosaurs
Science, biology History of life


Marine life
Science, biology History of life


First bacteria, then plants, then animals, then mammals.
Science, biology History of life


Life on earth started in the oceans.
Science, biology History of life


First amphibians
Science, biology History of life


First land animals. Animals walked onto land, a salamander type creature.
Science, biology History of life


First marine plants.
Science, biology History of life


Single cell life
Science, biology History of life


Dinosaurs are a type of reptile
Science, biology History of life


First precursors to modern monkeys
Science, biology History of life


Early dinosaurs
Science, biology History of life


Land life.
Science, biology History of life


First marine animals
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -10000 to -5000

Domestication of plants and animals. Farming and herding. Irrigation. Plowing. Seed. Food surpluses. Milk, leather, meat.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -10000 to -5000

Settled life in villages, towns and cities. Specialization of labor. Hierarchical class societies. Population levels rise. Artisans. Pottery, metalwork, carpenters, weavers. Traders, merchants, business, money. Military, soldiers. Administrators, bureaucracy, taxes, government, politicians, politics. Writing. Scribes. Priests.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -12000

Humans reach Americas
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -150000

Homo Sapiens
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -1500000

Humans leave Africa and reach Middle East and Asia.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -1500000

Homo erectus. "Java man".
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -2000000

Homo neanderthalis. Neanderthals extinct by 30,000 years ago. No indication that they lived or bred with Homo Sapiens.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -2000000

Homo ergaster
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -2500000

Homo habilis
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -2500000

Hominines
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -2500000

Homo rudolfensis
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -30000

Neanderthals. Extinct by around 30,000 years ago. Did Homo Sapiens interbreed with Neanderthals?
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -3000000

Homo erectus. Larger brain. Tool use.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -4500000

Australopithecus afarensis. "Lucy" East Africa. Bipedal and upright. Opposable thumbs.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -50000

Humans reach Australia in boats.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -50000

A series of ice ages. Hunter gatherer bands.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -500000

Homo heidelbergenis
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -500000

Humans reache Europe
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -5000000

Austalopithecenes.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -5000000

First hominids. Rise of humans. Development of language. Stone tools.
Science, biology Physical anthropology c. -6000000?

Walking upright on two legs occur (bipedal locomotion).
Science, biology
c. 1800's

Species collecting. Plants and animals.
Science, biology
c. 1800's
Schwann Cell theory of life.
Science, biology
c. 1850's
Mendel, Gregor Heredity. Hybrids. Genetics.
Science, biology
c. 1850's
Darwin, Charles Evolution. Natural selection.
Science, biology
c. 1904
Morgan, Thomas Hunt Fruit fly experiments lead to advances in genetics.
Science, biology
c. 1930's

Viruses discovered.
Science, biology
c. 1950's
Watson and Crick Structure of DNA. Double helix.
Science, biology
c. 1960's
Hamilton, W. D. Combining game strategy and evolutionary theory to explain animal behavior.
Science, biology
c. 1965
Pauling, Linux Molecular clock dating.
Science, biology
c. 1970's

Ecology. Gaia theory. Earth Day.
Science, biology
c. 1972
Berg, Paul DNA splicing.
Science, biology
c. 1980's
Mullis, Kary Recombinant DNA technology.
Science, biology
c. 1990's

Prions discovered.
Science, biology
c. 2000

Human Genome Project. Cloning. Gene therapy. Designer genes.
Science, biology


Ehrlich, Paul

Science, biology


Krebs Discovers Kreb cycle.
Science, biology


Dawkins, Richard Selfish gene.
Science, biology



Discovery of viruses.
Science, biology


Wilson, E. O. Sociobiology. Consilience. Biodiversity.
Science, biology


Tinbergen, NIko Ethology. Animal behavior.
Science, biology


Gould, Stephen Jay Evolutionary theory. Punctuated equilibrium.
Science, biology


Ridley, Matt Evolutionary psychology.
Science, biology



Genetically modified foods.
Science, biology


Hooke Discovery of cells under microscope.
Science, biology



Burgess shale discovered in Canada. Cambrian era fossils.
Science, biology



2010? Recover extinct species from DNA fragments? Genetically modified humans?
Science, biology



Classification of life by using genetic mapping.
Science, biology


Artistotle. Study of plants and animals. Genus and species.
Science, biology


Lorenz, Konrad Ethology. Animal behavior.
Science, biology


Linnaeus Classification of plants and animals.
Science, biology


Haldane, J. B.

Science, biology


Mayr, Ernst

Science, biology


Pasteur, Louis Germ theory. Pasteurization.
Science, biology


Harvey Human anatomy and physiology.
Science, biology


Van Leuenok Invents microscope. Sees microorganisms.
Science, biology


Galen Galen. Study of medicine.
Science, chemistry
c. 1611
Boyle Defines conceptsw of elements and compounds. States gas laws.
Science, chemistry
c. 1756
Black Chemical weights.
Science, chemistry
c. 1774
Priestley Discovers many gases.
Science, chemistry
c. 1800's
Davy, Humphrey Nitrous oxide.
Science, chemistry
c. 1808
Dalton, John Atomic theory.
Science, chemistry
c. 1811
Avogadro Avogadro's law; mole.
Science, chemistry
c. 1828
Wohler Organic chemistry.
Science, chemistry
c. 1850
Pasteur Chirality.
Science, chemistry
c. 1850's

Spectroscope.
Science, chemistry
c. 1868
Meneleev Periodic table.
Science, chemistry
c. 1900's

Paper chromatography.
Science, chemistry
c. 1900's
Ehrlich Magic bullet idea.
Science, chemistry
c. 1960's
Corey Retrosynthetic analysis. Building large organic molecules.
Science, chemistry
c. 1980's

Designer molecules. Buckeyballs.
Science, chemistry


Vant Hoff Stereo chemistry
Science, chemistry



Spectrochemistry.
Science, chemistry


Arrhenius, S.

Science, chemistry


Cavendish Shows water is made of hydrogen and oxygen.
Science, chemistry


Fisher Structure of glucose; organic chemistry.
Science, chemistry


Lavoisier, Antoine Shows air is a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen.
Science, earth science
c. 1790's
Philips Names Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic eras.
Science, earth science
c. 1830's
Lyell, Charles Principles of Geology.
Science, earth science
c. 1900's
Paterson, Clair Determines age of earth.
Science, earth science
c. 1912
Wegener, Alfred Continental drift. A single continent, Pangaea, split into seven continents.
Science, earth science
c. 1913
Holmes, Arthur Radioactive dating.
Science, earth science
c. 1921
Matuyama Changes in earths magnetic polarity.
Science, earth science
c. 1947
Libby Radiocarbon dating.
Science, earth science
c. 1960's
Hess, Harry Sea floor spreading.
Science, earth science
c. 1980's
Hoffman, Paul Snowball earth theory.
Science, earth science
c. 1980's
Alvarez, Walter Meteorite killed the dinosaurs.
Science, earth science



The discovery of a round (not flat) earth.
Science, earth science



Age of Exploration. Mapping of the earth.
Science, environmental Environmental disasters c. 1950's

Thalidomide.
Science, environmental Environmental disasters c. 1978

Love Canal
Science, environmental Environmental disasters c. 1984

Bhopal
Science, environmental Environmental disasters c. 1986

Chernobyl
Science, environmental Environmental disasters c. 1991

Iraq dumps oil in gulf. Oil well fires.
Science, environmental Environmental disasters


Asbestos
Science, environmental Environmental disasters


Smog
Science, environmental Environmental disasters


Smoking causes cancer, but cigarette makers deny it.
Science, environmental Environmental disasters


Acid Rain
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1800's
John Muir

Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1872

Yellowstone is world's first national park
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1940's
Leopold, Aldo Sand County Almanac.
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1960
Carson, Rachel Silent Spring.
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1960's

DDT banned after almost making the bald eagle extinct.
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1969

EPA formed
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1992

Rio conference.
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 1997

Kyoto Protocol.
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 2000's

Hybrid cars. Fuel cell cars.
Science, environmental Environmental progress c. 2000's

Solar power. Wind power
Science, environmental
c. 1970's United States
Organic health foods: Alfalfa sprouts, tofu, soy, macrobiotics
Science, environmental
c. 1970's United States
Energy crisis. Oil prices rise. Smaller cars more popular.
Science, environmental
c. 1970's United States
Earth Day
Science, environmental
c. 1979 United States
Three Mile Island nuclear accident.
Science, environmental
c. 1989 United States
Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.
Science, environmental
c. 1990's World
Global warming continues due to human impact primarily from the developed world.
Science, physics
c. 1630's
Galileo Acceleration. Dropped ball off building.
Science, physics
c. 1665 England Newton, Issac Law of gravity. Three laws of motion. Nature of light.
Science, physics
c. 1678
Huygens Wave theory of light.
Science, physics
c. 1831 England Faraday, Michael Magnetism.
Science, physics
c. 1864
Maxwell, James Clerk Links electricity and magnetism.
Science, physics
c. 1900's
Curie, Madam X-rays. Radioactivity. Produced naturally by what? Produced artificially by what?
Science, physics
c. 1900's
Roentgen, Wilhelm Discovers x-rays.
Science, physics
c. 1900's
Plank, Max Quanta.
Science, physics
c. 1900's
Becquerel, Henri Discovers radioactivity.
Science, physics
c. 1900's Germany Einstein, Albert Relativity. General theory of relativity. Special theory of relativity.
Science, physics
c. 1910's
Rutherford, Ernst Atomic structure. Discovers nucleus of atom. Works on radioactivity. Natural uranium.
Science, physics
c. 1910's
Bohr, Niels Atomic structure.
Science, physics
c. 1910's
Milkian Electron.
Science, physics
c. 1920's Germany Heisenberg Quantum physics. Uncertainty principle.
Science, physics
c. 1920's
Dirac Quantum theory.
Science, physics
c. 1920's Germany Schroedinger, Erwin Quantum physics. Schroedinger's equation. Schroedinger's cat.
Science, physics
c. 1920's
Pauli, Wolfgang Exclusion principle for electrons.
Science, physics
c. 1920's
Born, Max Born. 1920's. Quantum theory.
Science, physics
c. 1920's
De Broglie Matter = waves.
Science, physics
c. 1940's United States Feynman, Richard QED. Quantum Electro Dynamics.
Science, physics
c. 1940's
Oppenheimer, Robert Atomic fission. Atomic bomb.
Science, physics
c. 1940's Germany Bethe, Hans Atomic fission. Atomic bomb.
Science, physics
c. 1940's
Slizard, Leo Atomic fission. Atomic bomb.
Science, physics
c. 1940's
Fermi Enrico Atomic fission. Atomic bomb.
Science, physics
c. 1950's
Teller, Edward Atomic fusion. Hydrogen bomb.
Science, physics
c. 1950's England Dyson, Freeman Unifies QED.
Science, physics
c. 1960's United States Gell-Mann, Murray Quarks.
Science, physics
c. 1967 United States Weinberg, Stephen Unifies two of the four forces
Science, physics
c. 1974
Glashow QCD.
Science, physics
c. 1980's
Greene, Brian String theory.
Science, physics
c. 1980's United States Kakku, Michio String theory.
Science, physics
c. 1997

Quantum teleportation is demonstrated.
Science, physics


van der Waals

Science, physics

United States Wheeler, J.

Science, physics


Dalton, John Atomic theory.
Science, physics


Mach, Ernst

Science, physics


Cavendish

Science, physics


Franklin, Benjamin Kite flying experiment.
Science, physics


Boyle Gas laws.
Science, physics


Kelvin Kelvin scale.
Science, physics


Lawrence, Ernest Invents cyclotron.
Science, physics


Hawkings, Stephen

Science, physics

United States Witten, Edward String theory.
Science, physics


Boltzman, Ludwig

Science, physics

France Lavoisier, Antoine Gases.