OUTLINE by Paul Nervy Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy Visit www.paulnervy.com. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SOCIOLOGY Contents Methodology Philosophy of social sciences Science of social sciences Art of social sciences. Social Psychology Communications Semiotics Mass media Language, linguistics, and philosophy of language Minority experiences Feminism Blacks Indians Others. Cultural Anthropology History of sociology wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Sociology Definitions of sociology. What are the social sciences? Social sciences cover politics, economics, sociology, anthropology. Social sciences as soft sciences, as distinguished from hard sciences, or natural sciences of astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, etc. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww METHODOLOGY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY wwwwwwwwww Philosophy of the social sciences Basic philosophical issues in the social sciences. The individual as the basic social unit vs. The group as the basic social unit Metaphysics of the social sciences. Epistemology of the social sciences. Ethics and the social sciences. Descriptive and explanatory. Value free. Normative. Prescriptive. Ethics. Values. Animal sociology. Herd animals. Animal communication. The social sciences study humans. Is the sciences of humans different from the natural sciences. Animals also have minds. Are the sciences that study beings with minds different from the sciences that study inanimate objects? Methodologial individualism. Methodological holsim. Causal explanations. Functional explanations. Social methods not like natural sciences Verstehen Understanding Hermenutics Interpretation Literary theory and criticism. Are the social sciences different from the natural sciences? Is sociology different from pscyhology? If different, is sociology (and politics, economics, etc) reducible to psychology? In what ways are humans social. Is there a human nature? If so, does human nature have a social component? Is man a social animal? Can people live alone? Hermits. Society What is society? Communication. Power. Sexuality. Economic approaches. Marxism. Communication approaches. Literary theory. Sex approaches. Feminism. Power approaches. Tech approaches. wwwwwwwwww Science of sociology Research methods. Methodology. Experiment Control and variable. Ethics of experimenting on human subjects. Observation of cultures. Hidden observers. Observers accepted into culture. Recording observations with camera, recorder, camcorder, etc. Field observation: watch a group. Participant observation: take part in a group. Survey and interview Construction of unbiased surveys Ask questions. No leading questions. Neutral bias. behaviorism empiricism theory facts hard sci vs. soft sci. Historical Approaches Panel analysis. Measures people's attitudes. Focus groups. Mathematical methods. Statistical methods. Quantitative. Content Analysis. Uses texts. understanding interpretation hermeneutics wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Major sociological approaches Micro level Social Psychology Dyads. Triads. Interaction. Small groups. Macro level approaches. Institutions. Structuralism. Society. Culture. World wwwwwwwwww Levels. Micro micro-sociology Interaction between individuals. Interactions between small groups. social psychology dyads, triads, etc. micro approaches Symbolic interactionism. Focuses on communicaton. Ethnomethodology. Agreeing on shared meanings. Exchange theory. Bargaining. Critical theory. Rejects neutral objectivity. Aim is to change social policy. Macro-sociology Interactions between large groups. Society as a whole. Cultures of societies. Macro approaches Functional analysis. Society is an interdependent set of institutions. Conflict theory. macro sociology global - globalization national - is there national character? List of approaches Interaction (mechanism) Symbolic interaction. Roles. Cooley and Mead. Dramaturgy. Social interaction as a play. Ethnomethodology. Rules, methods. Functional analysis. Functional analysis focuses on the mechanism of how individuals interact and how groups interact. Structural analysis. Structural analysis focuses on how society is organized structurally. Labeling theory. Game theory. Exchange theory. Social interaction as economics, money, business. Conflict theory. Evolutionary approaches. Economic approaches. The individual rationally weighs all options and actions. Communication theories. Power theories. Value theories. Ethics and sociology. behaviorism describes who did what and who said what. vs. introspection getting inside your own head vs. inter-spectionism trying to get inside the heads of other participants. positivism: science based formalism: logic based relativism: culture dependent structuralism post structuralism modernism postmodernism Transactional analysis: "Games people play". wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Social Psychology Social cognition: social attribution, social biases, social schema Self perception attitudes personality identity self Social Interaction: avoidance ingratiation aggression Social emotions. Sympathy and empathy Trust Attraction. Bonding. Repulsion. Distance. Social Attitudes: formation, change Impression formation. How you view other people. Impression management. How you want others to view you. Egoism Altruism Assertion vs. Aggression Violence. Psychological, verbal, physical. conformity, rebellion Reciprocity Economic aspects. Bargaining. Political aspects. Political participation. Influence, power, leadership, authority, Prejudice. Achievement needs Brainwashing and propaganda. Social roles. Social Psychology Attitudes. Attitudes about self in a social context Attitudes about others About other individuals. About other groups. Stereotyping. Prejudice. Bigotry. First impressions. Social cognition Social emotions Social memories. Social interaction. Communication Physical touch Social influence. Social power Attraction Friendship Falling in love. Conflict theories Agression. Exchange theories Economic approaches to social psychology Group processes Group communication Networks wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Family Nuclear families Extended families. Parent - child relationships Mothers and daughters Mothers and sons Fathers and daughters Fathers and sons Sibling relationships Brothers Sisters Brother and sister Birth order Status of boys vs. girls in third world countries. Infanticide. Dowry. Average family size. Per education level. Per income level. Birth control Family biological family vs. choosing your own family Changing roles of husband and wife. Single income, husband working, wife raising kids. Dual income, both working, both raising kids. Marriage and Divorce. Civil and religious marriage. How many marriages end in divorce? What is the average length of marriage? How many marriages does the average person have? How many people live together without ever getting married? wwwwwwwwww Kinship. Kinship by blood. Kinship by marriage. Clan Tribe Gift giving. No payback required. Favor giving. Payback required. Reciprocation Altruism Cooperation Exchange Cooperation Competition Conflict wwwwwwwwww Micro level sociology structure, organization mechanisms, dynamics, interaction Friendship. Making. Breaking. friends, enemies, and strangers love and lust small group dynamics wwwwwwwwww Groups Group structure Group mechanism. Group dynamics. group life cycle group formation group dispersal Clubs Gangs Cliques Committees Fraternities and sororities Peer pressure Types of groups primary vs. secondary groups in groups and out groups reference groups Group size. Small groups each member knows others know by name know by face know by views. talk to each other. Large groups members don't know each other. How many groups are there in a society (world)? How many members in each group? What percentage of total population? Group think. wwwwwwwwww Organizations. Organization behavior bureaucracy management administration in business, in government wwwwwwwwww Social institutions wwwwwwwwww Societies Cultures Elements of culture. People Attitudes Behaviors Customs. Patterns. Taught. Repetitive. Stuff they make. Norms, taboos, laws and values. Positive sanctions: rewards Negative sanctions: punishments. Symbols and language. Material culture Non-material culture. Sub-cultures Counter-cultures wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Demography Demography is the study of populations levels. Population levels. Population level change growth decline Fertility rates. Death rates. Life expectancy. Population movements. Migration. Zero population growth. Sustainable population levels. When population exceeds carrying capacity you have a problem. Ecological carrying capacity. Economic carrying capacity. Technological carrying capacity. World population levels. Census. Accuracy of census. Population theories Malthus vs. Marx. How many people can the world hold? Depending on how ecologically they live. At what population level, and in what coming decade, will the population stabilize and stop increasing (0% pop growth). 2050? 12 billion? What causes birth rates to stabilize? Education? Industrialization? wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Crime Crimes defined as acts that are both unethical and illegal. Crimes defined as acts that are illegal. Criminology The study of crime. Broken window theory Causes of crime. Crime prevention. Types of crime wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Assimilation Accommodation Diversity vs. Integration "Melting pot" theories Everyone becomes alike. "Beautiful mosaic" theories People live together but maintain differences and diversity. wwwwwwwwww Socialization Nature vs. nurture. Effects of isolation. on children on adults. Agents of socialization family, peers, media, school, work. Stages of socialization. Erikson. Kohlberg. Freud. Mead. Piaget. wwwwwwwwww Conformity rebellion. aberration deviance Explanations of deviance biological psychological sociological Structural stress theory. Economic stress Political stress Cultural transmission theory. You learn it from a group. Conflict theory Labeling theory. You get marked as a deviant. They call you one and either you believe it and internalize it or else they believe it and you can't escape it socially. wwwwwwwwww Class, status and mobility. Class Class based on birth. Aristocracy. Gentry. Landowners. Economic classes. Upper class. The rich. Middle class Lower class. The poor. Meritocracy Technocrats. Class societies Classless societies. Class mobility High mobility low mobility societies. Wealth. Power. Prestige: recognized as high status. Ex. Doctors. Fame: well known, not necessarily wealthy or powerful. Status Status can refer to your position in society. Status can refer to people of high position. Castes Separatism vs. Collectivism. People use any excuse to turn Social divisions. Social segments. Social differentiation. into Social stratification. Pecking orders. Position. Equality. status, wealth prestige race, ethnicity sex age Class in America is a big issue. Rich and poor. Powerful and disempowered. America is not, and has never been, a classless society. To a certain extent, America is governed by the rich and powerful, for the rich and powerful. The poor and powerless get exploited. That is injustice. wwwwwwwwww Power Authority - able to cause changes Legitimacy - recognized by others as worthy of power. Illegitimate power. Unethical seizing of power. Unethical exercise of power. Nature of power Power viewed as a corrupting tendency. Power viewed as tending to increase itself and perpetuate itself. Types of power Political power. Capacity to make law. Capacity to judge laws. Capacity to argue laws. Buying lawyers. Economic power. Money is power. Influencing law makers. Influencing the media Influencing public opinion. Theories on power. Marxist view. Power elite view. C. Wright Mills. Pluralist view. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Sociology by geographic area. Urban Suburban Rural Wilderness areas. wwwwwwwwww Urban Life The movement of people from the farm to the city. Gemeinshaft (sociable community) vs. Gesellshaft (impersonal society) Anomie. Alienation vs. community. Isolation and withdrawal vs. involvement and interaction. Life cycle of cities. Urbanization worldwide. Urban areas expose people to much social interaction. Urban areas are usually more diverse. Urban areas are usually more tolerant. Urbanization. Over the last century people have been moving from rural areas (farms) to urban areas (cities). The size of cities is growing. The population of cities is growing. Megacities. Megalopolis. Japan Osaka - Tokyo. Brazil Rio De Janero - San Paulo US. Washington DC, Philadelphia, New York, Boston. Mexico Mexico City Shanty towns and urban poor. Pollution. Traffic accidents kill more than malaria. wwwwwwwwww Suburbs The suburbs as a consequence of the invention of the automobile. wwwwwwwwww Rural areas. Farm areas Small town sociology. wwwwwwwwww Wilderness areas. Mountain peoples and cultures. Jungle peoples and cultures. Desert peoples and cultures. Arctic peoples and cultures. These people usually prize independence. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Collective Behavior and Social Movements Crowds Types of crowds peaceful vs. angry in control vs. out of control Mob behavior. Lessening of personal inhibitions. Lack of personal responsibility. Social Movements grassroots political movements Fads, fashions, crazes. Riots and panics. Mass hysteria Rumors wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Social Change Types of views of social change Evolutionary perspective. We are making progress. Cyclical perspective. Swing back and forth like pendulum. Dystopian views. Everything is going down the toilet. Sources of change Demographic changes Technological changes. New ideas and attitudes. Philosophy and science. Diffusion of ideas. Forces of convergence vs. forces of divergence. Forces that spread culture Communication. Transportation. Forces that prevent culture from spreading. Isolationism. Forces that change culture. Progressives. Forces that prevent culture from changing. Reactionaries. wwwwwwwwww Social networks Six degrees of separation theory wwwwwwwwww Tannen. You just don't understand Grey. Men are from mars, women from venus. Spock. Raising kids. wwwwwwwwww Areas of sociology Sociology of work Sociology of leisure Sociology of education Sociology of internet sociology of politics sociology of law sociology of health and illness sociology of philosophy - see that book by sociology of science - Thomas Kuhn, Gaston Bachelard, Irme Lakatos Sociology of knowledge sociology of mass media - television, radio, Internet, movies, books, magazines, music sociology of information sociology of entertainment wwwwwwwwww globalization wwwwwwwwww roles Job roles. Family roles. Citizen roles. wwwwwwwwww sociology of the body body language wwwwwwwwww age and sociology children child abuse adolescence old age generations wwwwwwwwww alienation anomie wwwwwwwwww leaders leadership charisma followers wwwwwwwwww ideologies wwwwwwwwww community a small group related by physical proximity not related by kinship Examples neighborhood town wwwwwwwwww Biology and sociology. Evolution and sociology positive views evolutionary sociology sociobiology evolutionary universals pejorative, negative views biological reductionism social Darwinism eugenics wwwwwwwwww sociology of work and leisure work labor unions work at home housework flextime childcare division of labor HR benefits de-skilling work ethic workaholics leisure wwwwwwwwww Evolution of society and culture hunters and gatherers agricultural feudal industrial economies service economies information or knowledge economies wwwwwwwwww pop culture wwwwwwwwww Patriotism Nationalism Xenophobia wwwwwwwwww open societies closed societies wwwwwwwwww stereotypes prejudice labeling scapegoating ostracism shunning mocking wwwwwwwwww Sects new religious movements NRM's religion life cycle - religions born and die dead religions newly born religions shamans witchdoctors wwwwwwwwww Verstehen: understanding. wwwwwwwwww Ethnocentrism: thinking your culture is best. Xenophobia: afraid of other cultures. wwwwwwwwww Emic (view from within) vs. Etic (view from outside) wwwwwwwwww social constructionism consumption society hidden curriculum wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww COMMUNICATION STUDIES Communication. Semiotics. Language. Philosophy of language Science of language: Linguistics Types of languages Phonology Grammar Mass media wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Communication Verbal communication Non-verbal communication Speaking Writing alphabetic pictograms. Animal communication systems Insect communication. Honeybee dance. Bird song Sea mammals. Whale song. Dolphins. Primates. Chimpanzees. What are the differences between animal communication and human language? Some animals have a limited, pre-defined set of signals. Humans can add words to their vocabularies. Attempts of communication between non-human animals and human animals. Parrots. Koko Attempts of communication between extraterrestrials and humans . wwwwwwwwww Semiotics Semiotics studies symbol systems like Math Logic notation Computer languages Artificial languages like Esperanto Natural languages like English Semaphore. Morse code. Sign language. Hobo signs. Music notation. Dance notation. C.S. Pierce's tripartite typology Sign Symbol Icon wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Language What is language? Attributes of language Infinite number of sentences possible Ways to study language Philosophy of language Science of language: linguistics. Theories of language Language and world. Language and mind. Natural languages. Artifical languages. Esperanto. Formal languages. Leibniz's ideal universal language Scientific language. Exact. Math as a language. Logic as a language. Computer languages. Evolutionary views of language. Language of thought. Fodor. Continental views of language. Deconstruction. Literary theory. Private language argument. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Philosophy of language Contents of Issues in the philosophy of language Meaning. Semantics. Reference Names and naming Designation. Rigid Designatiors. Flacid designators. Kripke. Description. Definite description. Indefinite description. Russel. Sense and Reference. Sinn and Bedeutung. Frege. Speech acts. Searle Grice. Definition. Translation. Indeterminacy of translation. Quine. Indeterminacy of reference. Metaphor Indexicals Demonstratives. Private language argument. Naturalized semantics. Realism and language. Holism and language. Language and mind. Innateness of language. Universal grammar. Chomsky. Representational theories of mind. Language of thought. Fodor. wwwwwwwwww Meaning: the link between language and the mind. Reference: the link between language and the world. Experience: The link between the mind and the world. wwwwwwwwww Meaning. There are various meanings of the word "meaning". Literal meaning. Figurative meaning. Emotive meaning. Cognitive meaning. Content. What the words mean. Context. What the surroundings are. Meaning holists hold that meaning is dependent on context. Word meanings. Sentence meanings. What is meaning? Meaning is a property of sentences, statements and propositions. Propositional attitudes include thoughts, beliefs and intentions. Meaning and thought. Meaning and speech. Meaning and social practice. Theories of Meaning Correspondence theory of meaning. Truth conditional theories of meaning. Meaning as truth conditions Verificationist theory of meaning. Tarksi on meaning. The Logical positivists said that to know the meaning of a sentence is to know in what cases that sentence is true. Use based theories of meaning. Theory of meaning as use. Mentalist theories of meaning. Mentalist theories of meaning focus on the role of meaning in the mind. The role of a word's meaning to other word's meanings. The role of meaning in thinking. Reference theories of meaning. Reference theories of meaning focus in the relationship of meaning and the world. Reference theories of meaning hold that meaning is primarily about reference. There are various theories of reference. Frege distinguishes reference (bedeutung) from sense (sinn). Russel has a theory of definite descriptions. Kripke has a theory of rigid designators. Truth conditional theories of meaning. Davidson. Eliminativist theories of meaning. Causal theories of meaning. Information based theories of meaning. Dretske. Millikan. Conceptual role theories of meaning. Fodor Inferential role theories of meaning. Sellars. Meaning coherentism, holism, relativism. The meaning of a word is defined by using other words. The meaning of an sentance is described by using other sentences. The meaning of an idea is done by through using other ideas. Meaning realism Compositionality of meaning. Meaning of sentences depends on meaning of words. Wittgenstein on meaning. (1) Picture theory of meaning. Early Wittgenstein saw meaning as a picture that shows how things are. (2) Meaning as use. Later Wittgenstein said that one should not ask for the meaning of a word, instead one should ask how a word is used. Meaning as assertability conditions. Quine on meaning. Quine is skeptical about meaning. Quine is skeptical about reference, as illustrated by his "gavagai" example. Quine's theory of indeterminancy of translation is skeptical about meaning. Grice on meaning. Grice is concerned with utterer's meaning or speakers intention. Grice is concerned with an area of linguistics known as pragmatics. Davidson on meaning. Davidson's truth conditional theory of meaning. Davidson defines meaning in terms of truth. Davidson develops Tarski's ideas of truth. J.L. Austin on meaning. Austin is concerned with illocutionary acts or speech acts. Austin influenced John Searle who also developed a theory of speech acts. Meaning as set, and objective. vs. Meaning as variable, and subjective. Semantics. Semantic paradoxes. The liar paradox. wwwwwwwwww Reference What is reference? To designate, denote or refer. Theories of reference. Names and Naming Description theory of reference. What is it: Definite description. Indefinite description. Who holds it: Russel. Arguments for it: Arguments against it: Causal-Historical theory of reference. Who holds it: Kripke and Putnam. Kripke in Naming and Necessity. Designation. Rigid Designatiors. Flacid designators. Kripke. Sense and Reference. Sinn and Bedeutung. Frege. Frege made a distinction between sense and reference. Reference is the object you are talking about. Sense is when you use two synonyms to refer to the same thing. Skeptical view of reference. Quine. Indeterminacy of reference. Indeterminacy of translation. wwwwwwwwww Pragmatics Speech act theory. J.L. Austin. John Searle. Conversational implicature. Grice. wwwwwwwwww Four types of sentences Meaningless sentences. Nonsense. False sentences. Untrue. Vague sentences. Unclear meaning. Ambiguous sentences. Two or more meanings. wwwwwwwwww Proposition statement sentence wwwwwwwwww Philosophy studies the concept of meaning in general. Semantics is the study of the meaning of specific words. wwwwwwwwww Denotation. Denotative meaning. Connotation. Connotative meaning. wwwwwwwwww Realism in the philosophy of language Semantic realism Anti-realism in philosophy of language wwwwwwwwww Holism in the philosophy of language Semantic holism Anti-holism ? wwwwwwwwww Private language arguments wwwwwwwwww Radical interpretation Meaning holism Indeterminacy of translation wwwwwwwwww Compositionality wwwwwwwwww Rule following in language (Wittgenstein and Kripke) wwwwwwwwww Naming and Necessity (Kripke) Names. Necessity. Possible worlds. Rigid designation. Indexicals Demonstratives wwwwwwwwww Philosophers of language. Wittgenstein. Davidson. Chomsky. Grice. Kripke. Montague. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of languages. wwwwwwwwwwww Synchronic Study of language at any given time. Static. Diachronic Study of languages through time. Evolution of languages Dynamic. wwwwwwwwwwww Psycholinguistics Psycholinguistics studies the psychological aspects of language. Role of language in thinking. Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics studies the sociological aspects of language Role of language in communication between people. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Semantics Semantics is the study of the meaning in language. Meaning at the word level. Meaning at the sentence level. Lexemes: the smallest units of meaning. wwwwwwwwww Context. The meaning of a word depends on the context in which it is used. The surrounding words and sentences. Subtext. A dialogue or conversation often has a subtext of unspoken yet shared understandings. wwwwwwwwww Implicit meaning Explicit meaning wwwwwwwwww vagueness ambiguousness wwwwwwwwww Synonym Same meaning, or similar meaning. Antonym Opposite meaning. wwwwwwwwww Definition Types of definitions Inclusive definition - to say what a thing is. Exclusive definition - to say what a thing is not. Ostensive definition - to give an example Definition by description. Definition by explanation. Is to define a word to say what that word means? To define a word is to say what that word means. Dictionaries. Dictionaries are attempts to define the meanings of words. The dictionary gives the "official spelling" and the "official meaning" of a word. Samuel Johnson's dictionary of English. Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Thesaurus Thesaurus as listing categories of related words. Organized by category. Thesaurus as listing synonyms and antonyms. Usually in alphabetical order. Encyclopedias Encyclopedias attempt to summarize the entire body of knowledge of all subjects and words. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Phonology. Phonology is the study of the sounds used in language. Phoneme Phonemes are the smallest sound components of a language Vowels Consonants Syllables. Stress. How many distinctive language sounds are there in the world? Which languages have the most and least sounds? Phonetics. Sound production Larynx Tounge Lips Phonemes of English Phonemes of other languages. Click languages of African tribes. Phonemes of the world The entire set of human language phonemes. Hearing language. Do humans hear and interpret word by word? wwwwwwwwww homonym homophone Sounds the same, spelt differently. Sounds the same, spelt the same, different meaning. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Morphology Morphology is the study of words forms. Morphemes. Parts of words. Roots Prefixes Suffixes Compound words Examples in English Add a suffix to create a plural. Tree. Trees. Add a suffix to create a verb. Hike. Hiking. Add a prefix to create an opposite. Political, apolitical. Non. Dis. Mis. Add a prefix to create temporality. Pre. Post. wwwwwwwwww Lexicography. Lexicography studies the words in a language. Vocabulary. Vocabulary is the set of words in the language of an individual or culture. How many words are there in the world? Which language has the most words, the least words? Which words are used most often in the world? Basic English was an attempt to reduce English to 850 common words. How many meanings can there be per word? Which word has the most meanings? wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Syntax. Grammar. What does grammar do? Grammar adds meaning, or makes language more meaningful, by prescribing what words can be combined with what words, and how words can be combined. Grammar is a set of language rules. Grammar as a set of language norms. Grammar is always changing. Syllable level. Word level. Sentence level. Universal grammar. Noam Chomsky. Types of language grammars. Word order to signal grammatic forms. Ex. S-V-O Word prefixes and suffixes to signal grammatic forms. Grammar can signal Gender Tense or time. Case. Active or passive voice. wwwwwwwwww Grammar at the word level. Grammar at the sentence level. wwwwwwwwww Grammatical categories. Case. Nominative. Gender. Male, female, neutral. Number. Singular or plural. Person. First, second, third. Aspect. Perfect or imperfect. Mood. Indicative, subjunctive. Tense. Past, present, future, perfect. Voice. Active, passive. Possessives. wwwwwwwwww Types of words by their grammatical use. Nouns Nouns are words describing a person, place, thing, event or idea. Verbs Verbs are words describing actions. Adverbs Adverbs are words that qualify verbs. Adjectives Adjectives are words that qualify nouns. Prepositions Examples: Pronouns. Examples: Prepositions. Examples: Conjunctions. Examples: wwwwwwwwww Phrases Noun phrase Verb phrase wwwwwwwwww Clauses Dependent clauses Independent clauses wwwwwwwwww Sentence structure SVO Subject Verb Object English grammar. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Pragmatics. Tone, Pitch, High pitch Low pitch. Timbre, Distance between speakers Close talkers Far talkers. Volume of speech Loud talkers Quiet talkers. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Uses of language To think by talking to yourself. To communicate by talking to other people. Uses of language. Exact languages: Formal languages. Scientific language. Legal language. Inexact languages: Figurative language. Literature. Poetry. Associative language. Allusive language. Metaphorical language. wwwwwwwwww Types of languages Natural languages. Artificial languages. Esperanto. Computer languages. Morse code. Semaphore code. Languages of the deaf. Sign language. Letter by letter. Word by word. Languages of gesture between people who don't speak same language. wwwwwwwwww Classification of languages. Based on phonology. Based on grammar. Based on semantics? Based on the evolution of languages. Divergence. Convergence. The language tree based on human migration. The language of the first humans in Africa. Proto Indo-European Major modern language families Indo-European wwwwwwwwww Determining the age of a language. How long its been spoken. How much its changed in that time. wwwwwwwwww Language change Phonological change Vowel shifts Consonant changes. Grammatical change New sentence constructions forming. Old sentence constructions dying. Vocabulary change New words forming. Old words dying. Semantic change Changes in word meanings. New meanings to words forming. Old meanings to words dying. Neologisms. New word creation. Words exiting the vocabulary. What causes language change? Geographic isolation. Geographic dispersion. Environmental change. Technological change. New situations, new inventions, new ideas. wwwwwwwwww Translation of written texts. Human translation Machine translation Interpretation between speakers. Human interpretation Machine interpretation. wwwwwwwwww The Plain English movement. Plain speaking and writing. To avoid legal, medical, business jargon. wwwwwwwwww Writing Spelling. Punctuation. wwwwwwwwww dialect accent wwwwwwwwww pidgeon creole wwwwwwwwww jargon euphemism wwwwwwwwww Slang wwwwwwwwww bilingualism. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Evolution of language in humans Theories of how language evolved in humans. The migration of the larynx in proto-humans. Language and social groups. Language and technology. Is language innate? To what degree? Chomsky wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Language acquisition in individuals Language acquisition in children. Innateness of language. Noam Chomsky. First words. Single words. First sentences. Two word sentences. Language mistakes in children. Mistakes made by not knowing the rules of English. Mistakes made by following the rules, yet unaware of the exceptions. Tense mistakes: Example, "I go-ed" Plural mistakes: Example, "gooses" Language acquisition in adults After a certain age (around 10) language acquisition becomes more difficult. Speaking. Say a word. Listening. Understand a word said by others. Speak a sentence. Understand a sentence. Reading Writing. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Language and the brain. Brocas area Wernikes area. Language disorders. Dyslexia Aphasia wwwwwwwwww Jerry Fodor. Mentalese, the language of thought. wwwwwwwwww Role of language in human thought. Can humans be conscious without language? Can humans think without language? (natural language or semiotics) Language of Thought theory wwwwwwwwww Noam Chomsky Universal grammar generative linguistics Deep structure Transformational grammar Government binding theory wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Artificial languages Liebniz's perfect language. Each word has a single meaning. Esperanto Computer languages and communication wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Loss of language diversity. Endangered and extinct languages. Endangered languages - few speakers left Extinct languages - no one speaks them. Last speaker stories. How many languages were there in the 20th century? Approximately 6000. How many of those languages are in danger of dying? Approximately half. What is lost when a language dies? A chance to use that language as a means to discover the history of languages. Language homogenization. English as a common world language English has many words taken from other languages. For example, French words: Aisian words: African words: English is spreading, but it is absorbing words from other languages as it spreads. Eventually a world language may evolve, consisting of elements from words and constructions from many languages. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Language purists. Grammar hounds. Those who are sticklers on correct grammar. People who try to prevent change of languages. For example, those trying to keep French pure. Attempts at preventing the change of language are doomed to fail. Attempts to enforce an "official" version of a language. "Correctness" in language. Spelling. How is the "correct" spelling of a word determined? Pronunciation How is the "correct" pronunciation of a word determined? Meaning How is the "correct" meaning of a word determined? Grammar How is the "correct" grammatical use of a word agreed on? wwwwwwwwww Ebonics wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Discourse analysis Conversation Texts wwwwwwwwww Sign language. Sign language for the deaf. Letter by letter sign languages. Word by word sign languages. Deafness Muteness. Other types of sign languages. The signs used by third base coaches in baseball. Braille. Braille for the blind. Helen Keller. wwwwwwwwww Language isolation. Due to physical isolation. Due to geographic isolation. Language mixing. Due to social interaction. wwwwwwwwww Tone languages. Word meaning vary by tone of pronunciation. wwwwwwwwww Writing. Grapheme Grapheme is the smallest unit of writing. Usually a letter or pictogram. Writing with letters. Letters are combined to form words which represent ideas. Alphabets are the letters in a language. Writing with pictograms. Each pictogram represents a word Words represent ideas. Thus, each pictogram represents an idea. Handwriting. Print handwriting. Script handwriting. Calligraphy. Printing. Typography. Spelling developed only when writing developed. Reading. How quickly can people read? Speed readers. How much and how long can people retain when they read? Photographic memories. Do people read word by word? wwwwwwwwww Levels of language Word level Sentence level Paragraph level Chapter level Book level Library level wwwwwwwwww Machines and language. Speech to text machines. Voice recognition. Text to speech machines. Handwriting to print machines. Handwriting recognition. Print to handwriting machines? wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww History of communication, semiotics, philosophy of language, and linguistics. Frenchman's translation of Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rosetta stone. Translation of Linear B. Charles Sanders Pierce. Semiotics Saussure Wittgenstein, Ludwig Tractus: language atomism. Philosophical investigations: language games Linguistic analysis Ordinary language philosophy Bloomfield Beneveniste. Sapir Whorf Montague, Richard. Grammar. Claude Shannon. Mathematical model of communication Jacobson, Roman. Noam Chomsky, universal grammer, hard wired language ability. Steven Pinker, "The Language Instinct", language acquisition in children. Saul Kripke. Naming and designation. Jerry Fodor. Language of thought or Mentalese. Paul Grice. Principles of charity. Conversational implicature. John Searle. Speech acts. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Culture shapes language. Language then shapes how individual thinks. Language determines the contents of your mind. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww MASS MEDIA STUDIES Contents Publishing Radio Television Internet. wwwwwwwwww PUBLISHING Invention of writing, paper, pens. Invention of printing presses. Movable type. Each letter separate. Linotype - printing by the line. Printing by page plates. Computer composition Broadsheets. Single page newspapers. Tomas Paine. Zenger. Multipage newspapers. Freedom of the press. Free speech. Was the government going to allow public dissent? Yes in America. Newspaper publishers. Major newspapers. US. New York Times. LA Times. Washington Post. World. England. Germany. France. Newspaper sections The editorial page. The gossip column. Arts and culture section. Business section. Sports section. Comics. Horoscope. Weather. Classified ads. Regular ads. Yellow journalism. Scandal journalism. Sensationalism. Papparazzi. No respect of the private life of "public figures". Purient interest in the sex lives of people. Rumor mongering. Vicious Lies. Lack of ethics. Fictitious journalism Some newspapers mix stories that are patently false with stories that are true. Newspaper as entertainment as well as information. "Infotainment" Enquirer. Sun. Books Book Publishers. The rise of the paperback book in the 1950's. Scribners. Knopf. Electronic books. Journals. Advancement of sciences via journals. Magazines. Clare Booth Luce. Time. Life. Color printing. wwwwwwwwww RADIO Invention of radio by Marconi in the 1920's. Broadcasting companies arise. AM radio. Amplitude modulation. FM radio. Frequency modulation. Formats. Performance radio More popular before television. Ex. Amos and Andy. Orson Welles and Mercury Theater production of H.G. Well's "War of the Worlds" Music radio. "Lite" music. Talk radio. Political talk. Financial talk. Sports talk. College radio. Public radio. Live radio Truly live 7 second delay radio. Pre-recorded radio. Not live. Ham radio Pirate radio. Illegal offshore and cross-border stations. Jocks. Shock jocks. Music jocks. Talk hosts. Famous jocks. Howard Stern. Self styled "king of all media" Murray the K. - helped popularize rock and roll. Helped launch the Beatles. Wolfman Jack. See American Graffiti. Cousin Brucie. Don Imus. Music jocks WNEW Scott Muni. Ken Dashow. Pete Fornatele. Carol Miller. Alison Steele. Vince Gelsa. Idiots Delight. wwwwwwwwww TELEVISION Invention of television by Philo T. Farnsworth. Sarnoff grabs control by taking Farnsworth to court. Corporate domination. Commercial television Major networks. ABC. NBC. CBS. Smaller networks. WB. UPN. Fox. Arose in the eighties. Local television. WOR. WPIX. WNEW. Public television. Non-commercial television. User supported television. Independent television. Ex. PBS. Antennae television. Stations in urban areas. Poor reception in rural areas. Nationally syndicated shows. Cable television. Many more channels. Ex. Discovery channel. History channel. Tech tv. Public access television. More people can produce a show. Ex. Wayne & Garth. Satellite television. Greater range of reception. UHF VHF Television formats News. Local news. Talk. Ex. Reality television. Ex. Survivor. Big Brother. Shock television. Ex. Jerry Springer. Late Night Comedy. Ex. Carson. Letterman. List of Television Shows 1950's (Comedy) Milton Berle 1950's (Comedy) Honeymooners 1950's (Talk) Steve Allen Show 1960's (Comedy) Dick Van Dyke show. 1960's (Comedy) Andy Griffith Show. 1960's (Comedy) Odd Couple 1960's (Comedy) Get Smart 1960's (Comedy) Munsters 1960's (Comedy) Petticoat Junction. 1960's (Comedy) Gilligans Island 1960's (Western) Bonanza 1970's (Cartoons) Japanes Animie. Speed Racer. Kimba the White Lion. Johhnny Quest. Space Ghost. 1970's (Cartoons) Hanna Barberra. Yogi Bear. Dick Dastardly and Muttley. Anthill Mob. Penelope Pitstop. Scooby Doo. Flintstones. 1970's (Cartoons) Looney Tunes. Bugs Bunny. Daffy Duck. Porky Pig. Elmer Jaye Fudd. 1970's (Childrens) Zoom 1970's (Childrens) Electric Company 1970's (Childrens) Sesame Street 1970's (Childrens) Wonderrama 1970's (Childrens) Kukla, Fran and Ollie. 1970's (Childrens) New Zoo Review. 1970's (Chidlrens) HR Puffinstuff. 1970's (Chidlrens) Bannana Splits 1970's (Chidlrens) Brady Bunch 1970's (Chidlrens) Partridge Family 1970's (Comedy) Happy Days 1970's (Comedy) Laverne and Shirley 1970's (Comedy) Mork and Mindy 1970's (Comedy) Barney Miller 1970's (Comedy) Welcome Back, Kotter 1970's (Comedy) Different Strokes. 1970's (Comedy) Benson 1970's (Comedy) Taxi 1970's (Comedy) Mary Tyler Moore show. 1970's (Comedy) Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman. 1970's (Comedy) Soap 1970's (Comedy) The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. 1970's (Comedy) Good Times. 1970's (Comedy) Jeffersons. 1970's (Comedy) Benson. 1970's (Comedy) Different Strokes. 1970's (Comedy) WKRP in Cinncinati. 1970's (Comedy) Hello Larry. 1970's (Drama - Medical) Emergency 1970's (Drama - Legal) Starsky and Hutch. 1970's (Drama - Legal) Baretta. 1970's (Drama - Legal) Charlie's Angels. 1970's (Drama - Legal) Columbo. 1970's (Drama - Legal) Rockford Files 1970's (Drama - Legal) Perry Mason. Barnaby Jones. 1970's (Drama - Legal) Starsky and Hutch. 1970's (Drama) Masterpiece Theater with Alistar Cooke. 1970's (Drama) Daytime Drama. Soap Operas. The Days of Our Lives. As the World Turns. 1970's (Fantasy, Sci Fi) Six Million Dollar Woman. 1970's (Fantasy, Sci Fi) Six million Dollar Man. 1970's (Fantasy, Sci Fi) Fantasy Island 1970's (Fantasy, Sci Fi) Love Boat 1970's (Game shows) Match Game. Jeaopardy. $20,000 Pyramid. Password. Family Feud. Price is Right. Lets Make a Deal. 1970's (Music) American Bandstand 1970's (Talk shows) Mike Douglas Show. 1970's (Talk shows) Merv Griffen show 1970's (Talk) Tom Snyder. 1970's (Variety) Pink Lady and Jeff. 1970's (Variety) Real People 1970's (Variety) That's Incredible 1970's (Variety) Gong Show 1980's (Comedy) Wings 1980's (Comedy) Cheers 1980's (Comedy) Late Night with David Letterman. 1980's (Comedy) America's Funniest Home Videos 1980's (Comedy, blue collar) Roseanne. 1980's (Comedy, blue collar) Drew Carey Show. 1980's (Comedy, blue collar) Home Improvement. 1980's (Comedy, blue collar) Jeff Foxworthy Show. 1980's (Comedy, blue collar) Dukes of Hazard. 1980's (Drama - Medical) ER 1980's (Drama - Legal) Magnum PI 1980's (Drama - Legal) Cagney and Lacey 1980's (Drama - Legal) Quincy 1980's (Drama - Legal) Murder She Wrote 1980's (Drama - Legal) Matlock 1980's (Drama - Legal) Hill Street Blues 1980's (Drama) Luke and Laura's wedding. Soap Opera. 1980's (Drama) Dallas. Who shot Jr. 1980's (Music) MTV 1990's (Cartoon) Simpsons 1990's (Comedy) Seinfeld 1990's (Comedy) Friends 1990's (Music) Soul Train 1990's (News) 60 Minutes. Frontline. Dateline. Nightline. ABC Nightly News. Peter Jennings. Ted Koppel. Dan Rather. 1990's (Fantasy, Sci Fi) Twin Peaks 1990's (Fantasy, Sci Fi) X Files 1990's (Science) Nova 1990's (Talk) Charlie Rose on Channel 2, then Fox, then PBS 1990's (Talk) Dick Cavett Show 2000's (Reality television) Real World. Survivor. Temptation Island. The Bachelor. The Apprentice. 2000's (Variety) American Idol. Other (Other) Home repair shows: This Old House. Other (Other) Hobby shows: Bob Ross Painting. Antique Road Show. Other (Other) Cooking shows: Julia Child. Galloping Gourmet. Yan Can Cook. Other (Other) Daytime: Maury. Montel. Ricki Lake. Oprah. Jerry Springer. Phil Donahue. (Drama - Legal) category includes shows about Lawyers, Police, Detectives, etc. wwwwwwwwww INTERNET Invention of html and http by Tim Berners Lee Internet as a popularist media. Lack of corporate domination. Anyone can post a web page. Anyone can read a web page. How big is the Internet? How many people use the Internet? Worldwide. How many websites are on the Internet? How much information is on the Internet? In terabytes. How fast is the Internet growing? How much time do people spend on Internet? What do they spend time on Internet doing? Shopping 25% Porn 25% Gaming 25% Chatting 25% Finding new useful information 1% Posting new useful information 1% Internet as classified ad. Find a job. Find an apartment. Find a date. Find a car. Wep apps. Online applications. Example, office suite of word processor, spread sheet, database. Web services. Inter-working web apps. Speech recognition Handwriting recognition. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww FEMINISM Women's studies. Women's rights. Women's legal rights Women's extra-legal position in society. Women have been oppressed by men for years. Women were once considered property of men. Slavery. Women were denied the right to vote. Women were denied the right to work, to support themselves, to make a living. Women were and are physically abused by men. And it still occurs today in many parts of the world. And it can occur in the future. Feminist issues Body and sex issues. Right to birth control. Right to abortion. Right not to be a sex object. Right not to be raped. Family issues. Right to choose a husband. No arranged marriages. Equal rights as husband. Not property of husband. Work. Right to work. Right to be in military. Economics. Equal pay for work. Equal access to jobs. Equal access to promotion. No glass ceiling. Politics. Right to hold government offices. Right to vote. Right to hold office. Other issues Androgyny. Beauty. Housework. Lesbianism Motherhood. Period. Madonna / Whore complex. Prostitution. Pornography. Female infanticide. Honor killings Dowry. Right not to be forced into compulsory Heterosexuality Marriage Pregnancy. Housework. History of feminism 1792. Mary Wollstonecraft. "A Vindication of the Rights of Women". 1848. Seneca Falls, NY. Women's Rights Convention. Declaration of Sentiments. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. 1869. National Women's Sufferage Foundation. 1898. Charlotte Perkins Gillman. "Women and Economics". Alice Paul. British suffragete. Susan B. Anthony. United States suffragete. Emma Goldman. Anarchist, feminist. 1918. Women gain the vote in England. 1920. Women gain the right to vote in United States from 19th amendment. 1940's. World War II. Rosie the Riveter. Women in the workplace. Margret Sanger and birth control 1960's. The pill 1970's. Roe v Wade. Abortion legal. 1960's. National Organization of Women (NOW) 1950's. Simone de Beauvoir. "The Second Sex". 1960's. Betty Friedan 1960's. Gloria Steinem 1970. Kate Millet. "Sexual Politics". 1970. Germaine Greer. "Female Eunuch". 1970's. Equal Right Amendment (ERA) movement. 1980's. Catherine McKinnon. Law. 1980's. Andrea Dworkin. Against pornography. 1990's. Naomi Wollf. "The Beauty Myth". 1990's. The morning after pill. Challenges Violence against women. Rape. Date rape. The burkha and the veil. Clitorectomy. Female genital mutilation. Denied the vote. Denied equality before the law. Held as property. Denied education. Denied equal pay in the workplace. Used as indentured servants. Kept at home. Denied birth control and abortions. Women as not the property of the husband. Gaining the right to work outside the home Gaining the right to control their own bodies wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SEX STUDIES wwwwwwwwww Sex (physical) Gender (psycho-social). wwwwwwwwww Gender role socialization Biology vs. culture. Nature vs. nurture. Instinct vs. learned wwwwwwwwww Patriarchy Matriarchy Equality. wwwwwwwwww Polygamy Monogamy. wwwwwwwwww History of sex studies. Havelock Ellis Masters and Johnson Kinsey Reports Hite Reports wwwwwwwwww Sexual theories and practices worldwide throughout history. Closed, repressive sexual mores. Open, free sex mores. Multiple husbands. Polyandry. Multiple wives. Polygamy. Multiple partners. wwwwwwwwww Sexual practices, fantasies. The following topics are subjects of sexual thoughts and behaviors. Sex dreams. Sex stories. Sex fantasies. Expand the major themes and scripts. Power and sex Being forced. Submission. Masochism. Forcing others. Dominance. Sadism. Seduction. Titillation. Masturbation. Threesomes. Group sex. Orgies. Bisexuality. Homosexuality. Lesbians. Gays. Heterosexuality. Ages of characters. Old age. Middle age. 40's. 30's. 20's. College. High school. Teens. First time. Virgins. Losing virginity. Sci-fi and fantasy sex stories. Robots. Aliens. Hobbits and elves. Cartoon characters. Older woman with younger man. Older man with younger woman. Role play. School girls. Cheerleaders. Baby sitters. Medical, doctor and nurse. Why no sex fantasies about cpa and lawyers? The help, maids and butlers. Why no sex fantasies about waiters? These are stories about class. Foot fetish. Strip tease. Dancing. Music. Porno videos. Cross dressing. Gender bending. Oral sex. Anal sex. Voyeurs. Exhibitionists. Places. Settings. Time and place. In public. vs. In private. Historical sexual stories. vs. Futuristic sexual stories. Foreign, exotic sexual stories. vs. Girl-next-door sexual stories. Daytime. Nightime. Winter. Summer. Vacation sex. Beach sex. Gym sex. Sex at school. Sex at work. Taboo exploration. Scat: Urine and poo. Incest. Beasiality. Toys. Objects. Phone sex. Computers, Internet and sex. Instant messaging sex. Cams. Prostitutes. Sex with strangers. Sex with friends. Sex with enemies. Role playing. You as you. vs. You as someone else other than you. Sex and social class. Sex among rich and poor. Sex in different cultures. wwwwwwwwww Sexually transmitted diseases. Curable Incurable Pregnancy Birth control Abortion. wwwwwwwwww Sexual ethics Unconsensual sexual acts are wrong. Sexual harassment is wrong. Sexual intimidation is wrong. Rape is wrong. Sexual slavery is wrong. Forced prostitution is wrong. wwwwwwwwww GLBT Gays, lesbians, bisexuals, transgenders Fight for rights and acceptance. Homosexuals Arguments that it is genetic. Arguments that it is a mutation. Arguments that it is hereditary. Arguments that it cannot be changed. Arguments that it is a learned behavior Persecution of by Argument for, that consenting adults of the same sex should be free to have sex with each other. Argument against, that it is un-natural. Bisexuals. View that it exists. View that people can be "both". View that it does not exist, and that people are "either or". Transgenders Argument for, that many people modify their bodies. Argument against, that it is un-natural. S&M practitioners Argument for, that it is a game. Argument against, that it is perverse. wwwwwwwwww Pornography Arguments for, that pornography is enjoyed by many people. Argument for, that nudity is natural. Arguments against, that pornography degrades women. Andrea Dworkin. Cathrine MacKinnon Argument against, that it incites males to violence. Arguments against, that pornography is controlled by organized crime. wwwwwwwwww Prostitution Argument for, that its a source of income for women. Argument for, that people need sexual outlets. Argument for, that people need physical contact with other people. Arguments against, that prostitution keeps women disempowered. Arguments against, that prostitution is exploitation of women by men. Arguments against, that prostitution is used by organized crime. wwwwwwwwww Sex differences between men and women. Social gender roles. wwwwwwwwww Homosexuality What percent of people are homosexual? How do you define homosexuality? Anyone who has thought about it? Anyone who has done it once. Anyone who doesn't do it with the opposite sex? Anyone who has adopted it as a lifestyle. Anyone who is in the closet Anyone who is out of the closet. Is homosexuality genetic, learned or a combination of the two? Homophobia. Many religions are biased against homosexuals Violence against homosexuals. Male insecurity model. Androgyny Hyper-masculinism. Hyper-feminism. wwwwwwwwww Pregnancy. Pregnancy too young (?) Teen pregnancy. Unwanted pregnancy. Birth control. Abortion Pregnancy in older women. Trying to get pregnant. Fertilization drugs. Litters of people. wwwwwwwwww Other sex issues STD's Sex crimes. Rape, molestation and sexual violence. History of sex, love and romance. Courtship. Going steady. Dating. Hooking up. Marriage and divorce. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww RACE ISSUES Just views. Arguments for tolerance and diversity. Argument that race is more a social construction that a genetic construction. Wrong, unjust racist views. Arguments that the races should remain "pure" and separate. Arguments that people can be bred to be stupid or smart, physically strong or weak. Arguments that blacks are better at sports. Views about crime and race. Views about the alleged superiority of races. Views about eugenics. Views about master races, racial purity. Example, Hitler. Race in America The experiences of "non-whites" The experiences of indigenous peoples Black experience Slavery How many people were enslaved? Segregation Segregation in the U.S. Lasted up through the 1950's. Civil Rights Movement Slavery Frederick Douglas Harriet Tubman Sojourner Truth Abolitionists Emancipation proclamation Jim Crow era Segregation. Marcus Garvey WEB Du Bois Harlem Renaissance. Blacks in sports. Jack Johnson. Jackie Robinson. Arthur Ashe Tiger Woods Blacks in entertainment. Music. Blues. Jazz. R&B. Soul. Funk. Hip Hop or Rap. Movies. Sidney Poitier. Harry Belafonte. Civil Rights Movement Rosa Parks Malcolm X Martin Luther King Jr. Underground Railroad. Abolitionists. Amistad Booker T. Washington George Washington Carver Tuskeegee Institute. First University for African Americans. Marcus Garvey. Back to Africa. Black Panthers. Advocates violence. Shirley Chishom. First black woman in Congress. Louis Farakhan. Extremist. Advocates violence. Stephen Biko Nelson Mandela. Slavery. Millions killed. Millions enslaved. There were many instances of slave resistance and reblellion. Nat Turner John Brown Blacks were denied the vote Klu Klux Klan Segregation Share cropper system Harlem Renaissance. Richard Wright. Black Boy. Langston Hughes. Rosa Parks. Brown v. Board of Education CORE. Congress of Racial Equality SNCC. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Comittee. Stokely Carmichael. Birmingham Church Bombings Malcolm X Inter racial marriage. Mulatos race ethnicity minorities segregation affirmative action slavery discrimination prejudice stereotyping. bigotry. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww American Indians How many Indians were in North America when Columbus invaded? How many Indians died as a result of persecution by the white man? Reservations Native American Rights Fund - seeks legal restitution for broken treaties American Indian Movement - AIM - radical Leonard Peltier Dawes Act Fort Laramie Treaty Termination Policy - Eisenhower Sovereignty of Indian lands Gambling on Indian lands The Europeans (Columbus, Pizzaro, Cortes) were after gold and slaves as an end, and they used genocide to kill millions as a means. Andrew Jackson was an enemy of the Indains. Indian culture was communal. There was no land held as private property. Indians treated women and children better than the whites. Indian tribes like the Creek, Choctaw and Cherokee were forced to leave the eastern United States and head west to poorer lands on the Trail of Tears. Some American Indians Sacajawea - helped Lewis and Clark expedition. Pocahontas. Geronimo. Sitting Bull. Tecumsah. Red Cloud. Crazy Horse. Black Kettle. Left Hand. Events Trail of Tears Custers Last Stand Bureau of Indian Affairs. BIA Some Indian tribes Canada Indian Tribes West coast Kwakiutl Central Ojibwa (Chippewa) Cree East coast Algonquin Micmacs Montagnais Northern Ingalik Kutchin United States Indian Tribes Northwest Nez Perce Crow Cheyenne Southwest Apache Navajo Hopi Central plains Sioux Shoshoni Ute Crow Cheyenne Pawnee Arapahoe Chipewa Southeast Creek Chicksaw Choctaw Cherokee Seminole Northeast Oneidea Seneca Cayuga Onadaga Mohawk Iroquois Mohicans. Northeaster tribe. "Last of the Mohicans" Central and South American Indians Olmecs Aztecs Mayan Inca wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Other groups Latinos Latino experience in America. Mexicans Puerto Ricans. Puerto Rican Independence movement Asian American experience Chinese laborers on the Transcontinental railway. Prejudice against Japanese during WWII Vietnamese and Cambodian boat people refugees during Vietnam war era. wwwwwwwwww Other indigenous people Australian Aborigines Eskimos Native Hawaiians wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY (for physical anthropology, see History) Cultures in the world today. Ancient cultures. Mass culture. New cultures. Much of mass culture is from ancient cultures and much is from recently new cultures. Cultures from the past political anthropology - politics, power and law economic anthropology - business, money, trade, labor Knowledge, information, communication, entertainment, art anthropology the sexes (men and women) and anthropology class, caste language magic, myth and religion. cannibalism cargo cults taboos incest warfare tribes kinship, clans, feuds, vendettas, Pre-civilization. Pre-writing hunter-gatherer cultures pastoral cultures Subcultures Boas - studied American Indians. Margret Mead - studied tribes in Sou Malinowski Fraizer Levi Strauss Thor Heyerdal North American Indians. South American Indians African cultures Australian aboriginal cultures Siberian / Mongolian cultures wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww HISTORY OF SOCIOLOGY (see history database)