OUTLINE by Paul Nervy Copyright (c) 2006 by Paul Nervy Visit www.paulnervy.com. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww TECHNOLOGY Contents Philosophy of technology Power, tools, materials Food, clothing, shelter Communication, transportation War, peace Information technology Computers History of technology wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww PHILOSOPHY OF TECHNOLOGY Technology What is technology? Philosophy of technology What is the philosophy of technology? Metaphysics of technology Ethics of technology wwwwwwwwww Human technology Are humans technological in the same way that humans are social, political, etc? That is to say, are all humans technological? Is technological ability in humans innate? If so, to what degree? And in what ways? Is technological ability in humans cultural? If so, to what degree? And in what ways? Is technology the province of humans only? Do only humans make tools? No, humans are not the only technological animal. Animal technology Do animals use "found tools", such as twigs? Yes. Do animals actually make tools? That is, do they shape materials? Yes. wwwwwwwwww Tools What is a tool? What is a product of tool use? An artifact? Non-material technologies, such as study tips. Techniques Ways of physically using a tool. wwwwwwwwww Metaphysics of technology Technology as knowledge and attitudes. Technology as tools. Technology as products made from tools. wwwwwwwwww Epistemology of technology Technology lets us know more about the world. wwwwwwwwww Ethics of technology. Technology increases our ethical responsibility. wwwwwwwwww Three views of technology Utopian views of technology. Technology will solve all of humankind's problems. Dystopian views of technology. Technology will cause all of humankind's problems. Views of technology as neutral. Technology does as much good as harm. Technology is intrinsically neither good nor evil. wwwwwwwwww Two way interactions of Technology and the environment. Technology and culture (sociology and psychology). Technology and science. wwwwwwwwww History of Philosophy of technology. Martin Heidegger. Phenomenologst. John Dewey. Pragmatist. Herbert Marcuse "One Dimensional Man". 1964. Jacques Ellul "Technological Society". 1963. Langdon Winner. The Whale and the Reactor. Don Ihde. Technology and the Lifeworld. wwwwwwwwww Engineering Types of engineering Civil engineering Mechanical engineering Chemical engineering Electrical engineering Aerospace engineering Bioengineering engineering Nuclear engineering Petroleum engineering Military engineering Functions of engineering Research Develop Design Construct Produce Operate wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww AREAS OF TECHNOLOGY wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww POWER List of types of power Human power Animal power Water power Wind power Internal combustion Specific forms of power Human power Animal power Horse power Mule power Ox power Camel power Wind power Types of: Windmills and Wind turbines Production process Water power Types of: waterwheels, watermills, waterhammers, dams and turbines, Production process Steam power Coal powered steam engine Internal combustion gasoline or diesel engine Straight. V shape. Wankel. Two stroke. Four stroke. One cylinder. Two cylinder. Four cylinder. Six cylinder. Eight cylinder. Twelve. Pistons. Cams. Carburetor. Radiator. Distributor cap. Spark plugs. Exhaust. Stirling engine Jet engine Types of: Ram jet Electric power. Types of: Electric generators (from coal or hydro-power). Electric motor. Battery Solar power. Types of: For heating. For electricity. Solar cells. Passive. Mirror ovens. Geo-thermal energy Nuclear power. Types of: Fission. Working on fusion. Production processes. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww TOOLS Simple hand tools. Hammer Screws. Nuts and Bolts. Saw. Plane Compound hand tools Pulley Rope. For the pulley. Wheel. Water wheels for power. Mill stones for grains. Sharpening stones for tools. Simple machines. Lever Wedge Pulley Gear Power tools wwwwwwwwww Tools for various materials (wood, stone, plastic, metal) Stone hammer Stone knife Metal hammer Metal knife Wood drill Wood saw Surface planer Screws and bolts Standardization of parts Assembly line wwwwwwwwww Measurement and layout Chalk line. Level for horizontals Straight edge Measuring tape. Drop line for perpendiculars. wwwwwwwwww Router Miter saw for cutting at angles. Vise Saws Chisels Shovels Wheelbarrow Trowel Rakes Brooms Hoe Axe Scythe Jack Lathe File Sander Polisher Scissors Pliers Wrench wwwwwwwwww Bolts Screws Nails Glue wwwwwwwwww Metal Anvil Welding Casting Hack saw Metal file. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww MATERIALS List of materials. Wood Metal Plastic Stone Glass Concrete Questions for each material Weight Strength. Compressing. Stretching. Bending. Elasticity Ways of working the material. Shaping. Joining. Pros and cons. List of processes performed on materials Cut: Knife, saw, lathe, drill. Grind Mold wwwwwwwwww Stone Types of stone Strength of stone Weight of stone wwwwwwwwww Wood. Types of wood: Softwoods. Hardwoods. Strength of wood: with grain and against grain Weight of wood Wood working: Plane. Saw. Lathe. Drill. Sand. Glue. Nail. wwwwwwwwww Plant fibers. There are useful plant fiber materials other than wood. Hemp fiber. Thread. String. Rope. Cloth. wwwwwwwwww Paper and cardboard Paper is a cellulose material made from plants. Paper making wwwwwwwwww Metal. Types of metal: Copper. Bronze. Tin. Iron. Steel. Carbon steel. Stainless steel. Aluminum alloy. Titanium alloy. Strength of metal: bending without breaking Metal working techniques Hammer. Stamp. Lathe. Drill. Weld. Solder. Rivet. Mold. Grind. wwwwwwwwww Glass Types of glass Glass production and shaping Ingredients and processes Sand, heat wwwwwwwwww Fiberglass Fiberglass is a form of glass wwwwwwwwww Plastic Types of plastic Soft and hard plastics - putty, gel, Plastic fiber - nylon, rayon, dacron Plastic membranes - plastic bags, plastic wrap, Making plastic - processes wwwwwwwwww Carbon fibers wwwwwwwwww Concrete, Cement Portland cement Ingredients of cement and concrete wwwwwwwwww Plaster. wwwwwwwwww Rubber. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Measurement technologies Space - Length, area and volume ruler trigonometry longitude and latitude Metric system English/US system Mass and weight Time sundial clock - spring, quartz, atomic calendars Force, power or work energy Numbers, abacus, mechanical adding machines, electronic calculators Ounce. Pound. Ton. Milligram. Gram. Kilogram. Celsius. Fahrenheit. Kelvin. Ounce. Cup. Pint. Quart. Gallon. Barrel. Milliliter. Liter. Kiloliter. Inch. Foot. Yard. Mile. Nanometer. Micrometer. Millimeter. Centimeter. Decimeter. Meter. Decimeter. Hectometer. Kilometer. Megameter. Gigameter. Angstrom. Light year. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww FOOD Hunting: Gathering: Berries, nuts, seeds. Farming Domesticate plants and animals Plants: grains, vegetables and fruits Grains Vegetables. Tubers. Green leafy vegetables. Fruits Nuts. Meat. Beef, lamb, pork. Foul. Fish. Shellfish. Herbs and spices. Coffee, tea and cocoa. Beer, wine and liquor. Cooking Domestication of plants. Farming plants Domestication of animals. Animal raising. Preserving Refrigerator Water Wells. Irrigation ditches. Aqueducts. Water towers. Water pipe systems. Mechanical Thresher. Mendelian hybrids. Green revolution. Farming. Agriculture. Types of farms. Plant farming. Types of plant farming: Grain. Veggies. Fruits. Nuts. Soybeans. Irrigation Drainage Erosion Fertilizer Plowing Seeding Harvest Soil: PH. Composition: clay, sand, biological matter. Light: hours, intensity Temperature: frost Rainfall Dairy farming. Livestock farming. Types of livestock farming: Meat. Poultry. Pork. Fish. Feeding. Excretion Farm problems. Weeds. Herbicides. Insects. Other pests. Pesticides. Drought. Soil burnout. Diseases. Plant diseases. Animal diseases. Pollution. From fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, animal wastes. Organic farmers vs. petro-chemical farmers. Small farmers vs. big corporate farms. Gardening = small scale farming. Farming = large scale gardening. Soil conservation Crop rotation Plant breeding. Hybrids. Grafting. Cross Polinating. Animal breeding. Hybrids. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww CLOTHING Fibers Natural fibers from plants: Cotton. Hemp. Artificial fibers from oil: Nylon. Rayon. Polyester. Dacron. Wool from sheep. Fur and leather: animal cruelty. wwwwwwwwww Needle and thread. Seweing. Knitting Cloth. Weaving fibers. Looms. wwwwwwwwww Color. Weave. Fiber. Weight. Breathability. Loose vs. tight. Long vs. short. How it looks. How it feels. 2D aspects, painting. 3D aspects, sculpture. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww SHELTER (see also architecture) City planning. Tents houses. apartment buildings urban design sewers fresh water electricity Wood. Heavy timber. Stick construction. Brick and mortar. Clay bricks. Concrete bricks. Stone and mortar. Steel beam construction. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww TRANSPORTATION Horse, camel, oxen, lama. Drawn cart or wagon. Wheel Boats: Raft. Rowboat. Sailboat. Powerboat. Submarine. Principle of buoyancy. Cars and trucks. Bridges and tunnels. Roads. Trains Tracks. Locomotives. Passenger cars. Freight cars. Aeroplanes Principle of wings and aerodynamics. Propeller planes. Jet planes. Principle of jet engine. Compressed air and burning fuel. Like aerosol torch. Rocket. Principle of rocket engine. Liquid or solid fuel burn is like a controlled explosion. Bicycles. Light weight. Recumbent. Multi geared. Auto-shifting. Shells for rain. Electric power assisted. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Airplane Interior: Dashboard. Compass. Altimeter. Speedometer. Horizon (left/right and up/down). Ignition. Stick: Move left and right moves wing aerolons up and down in sync Move forward and backward moves tail aerolons ? Throttle: Increases propeller speed. Wing surfaces Wind aerolons Tail aerolons Tail rudder: used to control getting sideways Three motions Pitch Yaw ? Major tasks Take off Land. Wing flaps down to slow down. Trim. Straight ahead. Constant speed Left and right turn Climb and descend Speed up and slow down. Aerobatics Barrel roll. Loop de loop. Flying upside down. Immelman Fighter tactics. Offense Attack from above and out of sun. Be behind them. Be lined up. Defense. See them coming. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Air system Planes. Airports. Runways. Control towers Airplanes. People Pilots. Stewardesses. Passengers. Flight controllers. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Boat systems Boats. Passenger boats. Freight boats. Buoys. Channels. Ports. Harbors. Docks. Cranes. People Captains. Crew. Passengers. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Automobiles Engine. Carburetor. Spark plugs. Distributor cap. Battery. Transmission Drive train. Chassis Body. Hood. Trunk. Wheels. Brakes. Electrical system. Computerization. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Highway system Vehicles Cars. Trucks. Drivers and passengers. Roads Local roads. Highways. Flow control. Traffic lights. Signs. Ex., stop, yield, exit, route, etc. Rest stops - food, gas, sleep Maintenance Plows. Road repair. Road building. People Drivers and passengers. Traffic cops. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Rail system Trains Engines. Passenger cars. Freight cars. Rails Stations. Yards. People Conductor. Driver. Ticket collector wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww COMMUNICATON Language Writing Printing. Books and binding. Newspapers. Magazines. Number systems. Maps. Visual information. Telegraph Photograph. Still cameras Movies Phonograph. record player Radio Tape recorder Cdrom Telephone Television Internet. HTML. HTTP. Fax Wired and wireless communication Analog circuit switching vs. digital packet switching wireless phones wireless phones with still cameras wireless phones with audio/video wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Navigation Terrestrial navigation. Water navigation. Navigation by the sun. Navigation by the stars, planets and moon. Stars in the northern hemisphere. Stars in the southern hemisphere. Cloudy weather blocks the sun, stars and moon. Water navigation. Navigating by the clouds. Cloud type and direction. Navigating by the winds. Navigating by wave direction and size. Currents. Tides. Storms. Avoiding stormy zones and seasons. Current. Going with the current. Going against the current. Water color. Water depth. Smell of land. Birds. Winds. Calm zones. Going with the wind. Going against the wind. Latitude. North and south. parallel lines. The equator. The poles. The height of the sun at noon. Longitude. East and west. Not parallel lines. The Greenwich meridian. Navigational instruments. Cross staff. Sextant. Astrolabe. Compass. Radar. On land. On ship. Sonar. On land. On ship. Loran. Long range radio waves. GPS. The earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours. That's 15 degrees in one hour. Dead reckoning. Measure speed of ship to compute miles traveled per day. Measure speed with log line knots led to the use of "knots" for speed. Azimuth divides the horizon into 360 degrees. Zenith - the height in the sky of the sun or any object. Magellan Cook DeGamma Around the tip of Africa Around the tip of South America. The search for a Northwest passage. The transverse of Panama. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww WARFARE Martial arts Club Knife Spear Sword and shield Bow and arrow, recurved bow, crossbow, long bow Body armor Fortifications Pikes, halbaerd Trebuchet Gunpowder Cannon and artillery Pistol Rifle Machine gun Grenade Tank Bazooka Missile. Air to air. Air to surface. Surface to air. Surface to surface. Bomb Planes. Fighter plane. Bomber. Ships. Destroyer. Cruiser. Battleship. Aircraft carrier. Submarine. Landmines. Poison gas, chemical weapons Biological weapons Nukes Land tactics Sea tactics Air tactics wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Medicine (see also Medicine section) body exercise, diet surgery mind shrinks wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww ECOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES (see also ecology section) For three phases of product: Production of product. Use of product. After use of product (garbage). Organic food. Organic clothing. Organic shelter. Organic transportation. Organic communication. ? Biodegradable products. Recyclable products. Natural materials from Renewable resources. Impact on environment is minimal. Environmentally friendly technology 1. Renewable resources. 2. Biodegradable garbage. 3. Renewable energy sources. 4. Use less resources. More efficient. 5. Reduce, reuse, recycle. Examples: Hand-crank radios and flashlights Power: Solar power. Wind power. Transportation: Fuel cell cars. Bicycles. Recycling computers and cell phones. Environmentally friendly leisure pursuits. Organic food and clothing. Environmentally friendly housing. Environmental implications of technology. Pollution vs. green techs. Consumer society of stuff. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Definitions of information. Examples of information. Information stored in human brains. processing (store, manipulate, communicate) Information gathering. Data collection. Information storage. Information manipulation. Organize information. Produce new information. Information transmission. Communication. Education. Types of Information media. Language Writing, paper and pens Printing, books Typewriters Computers Internet Types of information media. Words. Texts. Conversations. Visual information. Drawing, painting, etc. Musical information. Numerical information. Statistics. Types of information organization. Alphabetical. Chronological. Subject matter. Importance. Levels of information: data, knowledge, wisdom. Claude Shannon's mathematical theory of information. wwwwwwwwww Catalogs. Card catalogs. Electronic catalogs. Indexes. Concordance. An index of every word in a text. Abstracts. An abstract is a summary of a body of knowledge. Dictionary. A dictionary is a list of all the words in a language. Thesaurus. A thesaurus is a list of synonyms. A thesaurus can also be a list of words grouped by similar relation. Grammar. A grammar is a description of the rules about how the words in a language are combined. Encyclopedia. An encyclopedia, ideally, is a collection of all the accumulated knowledge in a universe. A complete encyclopedia is a collection of all the knoweldge in a universe. Library. A library is a collection of books. wwwwwwwwww Databases. XML. Networks. Nodes and the connections between nodes. Classification. Numerical classification systems. Dewey decimal. Library of Congress. Fixed classification systems vs. flexible classification systems. The information in things. The information in ideas. Body movement. Dance. Mime. Gesture. Facial expression. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww LIBRARY SCIENCE Classification systems. Library of Congress classification system. Dewey Decimal system. Catalogs. Card catalogs. Electronic catalogs. Indexes. By subject. Bibliographies. Alphabetical book lists. By subject. Abstracts and summaries. Databases. Other library functions: Restoration. Circulation. Acquisition. Weeding. wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww Nanotechnology wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww HISTORY OF THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TECHNOLOGY (see history database)